No. While the Chicago Outfit has a tradition of giving responsible positions to non-Italians,I think it's a practical matter--bringing money into the Outfit--not a matter of whether or not they're "Mafia." I also think that the same anti-black prejudice that pervades the Mafia applies to the Outfit, whether or not they call themselves "Mafia."

Another point to consider, Ludovico:

Organized crime in America today is a real "equal opportunity employer." All kinds of ethnic mobs--Asian, West Indian, Russian, Chinese, Vietnames, black mobs--are flourishing in urban areas, especially those in which the Mafia has retreated due to shifts in urban populations and assimilation of Italian-Americans. Ambitious and capable black criminals have opportunities to form or join gangs of their own, not just to look to the Mafia for employment